Though most of the muck-rakers were moderate in temper and aim, a few of them were Socialists. Upton Sinclair ran unsuccessfully for office several times as a Socialist, and he nearly was elected governor of California in 1934, when he managed to win the Democratic nomination. Other Socialist muck-rakers include Charles Edward Russell, who ran for mayor of NYC on the Socialist ticket in 1913, and Gustavus Myers.