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Why Gold-Backed Currencies Help Prevent Wars
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| Why Gold-Backed Currencies Help Prevent Wars | | |||||||||||||
By: | | Ferdinand Lips | | ||||||||||||
Date: | | 08/30/2002 | | ||||||||||||
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Lecture by Ferdinand Lips of Lion Capital Group in Zürich, Switzerland delivered at Humanitarianism at the Crossroads Congress in Feldkirch (Austria), August 30 - September 1, 2002 translated from German. The context I will start my talk with an allegation. You have gathered here for a specific reason. You have come because the gold standard was given up in 1914 at the beginning of World War I. Looking at the program, I see that all of the topics with which we are going to deal are in some way related to that event. World history proves that there is a close relationship between monetary systems and war and peace. It is also evident that there is a close relationship between monetary systems and ethics and morals. Unfortunately, it is not widely known that the 19th century was a period of prosperity and economic growth without inflation. It strikes us like a fairytale when we discover that in those days the most important currencies were stable over a long period. The French franc, for example, remained solid for one hundred years. It was the era of the gold standard.
French Franc....1814-1914..100 years Dutch Guilder...1816-1914..98 years Pound Sterling..1821-1914..93 years Swiss Franc.....1850-1936..86 years Belgian Franc...1832-1914..82 years Swedish Krona...1873-1931..58 years German Mark.....1875-1914..39 years Italian Lira....1883-1914..31 years (Source: Pick's Currency Yearbook 1977 - 1979). How the gold standard worked The basic rule of the gold standard was a fixed amount of gold for each money, i.e., each money was defined as a specific weight of gold. Paper currencies were redeemable into gold at any time. A nation's monetary reserves consisted of only gold. On an international level, importing and exporting gold was unrestricted. All balance of payments deficits were settled in gold. (Balance of payments: the sum of all transactions between the homeland and other countries). In this way, gold had a disciplining influence on a national economy. It limited public spending. It provided citizens with money that maintained, and even slightly increased, its purchasing power over time and was internationally recognized. If a balance of payments deficit developed, gold automatically transferred out of the country. As a consequence, prices began to decrease. Exports became competitive again and the balance of payments reversed. If a country had a balance of payments surplus, then gold entered the country and the economy was able to expand. Upward revaluations or devaluations were unthinkable. The system maintained its stability automatically. This is one reason why politicians do not like gold. Gold forces them to balance their budget. The 19th century gold standard, the highest monetary achievement of the civilized world The gold standard was neither conceived at a monetary conference, nor was it the brainchild of some genius. It was the result of centuries of experience. Great Britain was the architect. At the height of the gold standard at the beginning of the 20th century there were about fifty nations, all of them leading industrial nations, which participated in the gold standard. It was one big clearance community, and it worked. In his book Währungen am Scheideweg (Managed Money at the Crossroads -- The European Experience), Prof. Dr. M. Palyi wrote in 1960:
Economist Ludwig von Mises wrote in his book Human Action:
The era of the gold standard during the 19th century was the golden age of the white man. During this period, after Napoleon, there were only seven wars of any importance.
1855 Crimean War 1861 - 1865 American Civil War, abolition of slavery, Abraham Lincoln 1866 Prussian-Austrian War, Königsgrätz, North-German Union 1870 - 1871 German-French War 1877 - 1878 Russian-Turkish War, Congress of Berlin 1894 - 1895 War between Japan and China 1895 - 1898 Spanish-American War 1900 2nd Anglo-Boer War in South Africa Contention My claim is that, had the gold standard been maintained, the warring nations would have had to observe the rules of the gold standard, and, therefore, World War I would have been over in a few months. Because of the automated mechanism and the prevalent "rules of decent behavior," financing the war on credit in a Keynesian style would not have been possible. Parenthetically, except for Karl Marx, Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt describes Keynes as one of the great destructive forces in world history. Soon after the onset of World War I, the moment came when the world turned to monetary fraud. Political pressure to finance the war with money created out of nothing made a sane monetary structure futile and led to the ruin of currencies -- and a war lasting four years. The world lay in ruins and a young, hopeful generation was lost somewhere on the battlefields. The collapse of the international monetary system provokes the demise of the old world order The result of World War I signified the fall of the Old World. Reading Stefan Zweig's book Die Welt von Gestern (The World of Yesterday), you will be able to see what the world looked like then, and how cruel it is today. As we are in Austria today, we should remember what the Austro-Hungarian Empire represented and denoted how orderly the situation in Western, Central and Eastern Europe was in those days. One of the most senseless things to happen in world history was the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and everything that was connected to it. Of course, there is no such thing as a perfect world, but cross the Hungarian border from the Burgenland and enter the next bigger city, Körmend, and then you will know what I am talking about. A few years of communist rule has laid the land in ruins. Financing the war is what mainly ruined Germany, then the most thriving country. The Reichsbank financed a large part of its war effort on a short-term basis, i.e., not with long-term War Loans like the British. This fact, in addition to the Versailles Treaty and unreasonable reparation payments, led to hyperinflation, destruction of the middle class and, finally, Hitler. It set the stage for World War II. The monetary tragedy of the 20th century The return to the gold standard after World War I was a fait accompli. But it lacked wisdom and power on the part of those in charge. In 1922, at the Conference of Genoa, the gold exchange standard was introduced. Please note that it was not the gold standard that was reestablished, it was the gold exchange standard that was launched. This meant that, apart from gold, national banks could also use dollars and pounds, i.e., the currencies of the triumphant nations, as reserves. Suddenly, dollars and pounds were equivalent to gold. That was inflationary, because dollars and pounds were now accounted for twice: first, in the country where they were issued; and, second, in the country that held them in reserve. Furthermore, it should have been known that paper-ticket currencies were in no way immune to loss of purchasing power. Therefore, they could not be permanent and generally valid yardsticks. Gold always keeps its value - paper currencies do not. Today, it is generally accepted that increased credit formation was the reason for the uncontrolled speculation in the real estate and stock markets during the 1920s. Their collapse paved the way for the crisis of the 1930s. The same thing can be said for the present stock market crisis. It is also due to immense credit formation over the past twenty years and lack of monetary discipline provided by the gold standard. Central banks, banks and the war When the gold standard was abandoned, central banks were the last barrier to rampant money creation as long as they were able to maintain their independence. However, in the meantime we have learned from bitter experience just how ineffective these so-called keepers of stability were. An excellent example for this is the US Federal Reserve in 1913. This fateful institution was founded even before the war. Since, the dollar has plummeted to about five percent of its former value. Central bank independence was not what it was cut out to be. Central banks became compliant pawns of governments and their constituent banks. In today's non-system, it is precisely central banks that, in conjunction with banks, make financing of wars of adventure possible by means of unlimited credit formation. There are no brakes anymore. In his book Jenseits von Angebot und Nachfrage (The Social Crisis of Our Time) economist Wilhelm Röpke said: "One can venture the claim that governments very rarely had complete control over their currency without abusing it." In today's age of the welfare state, the probability of such an abuse is greater than ever before. The tragic decisions of Bretton Woods in 1944 The world had not learned anything at all. At the close of World War II, it was decided to introduce the gold/dollar standard. A direct result was inflation in the 1970s. Again, notice the subtlety. After World War I, we went from the gold standard to the gold exchange standard with dollars and pounds. After World War II, we proceeded to the gold/dollar standard. The pound had lost its previous stature in the interim, and, next to gold, the dollar remained the only valid reserve currency and, then, only because the dollar was convertible by foreign central banks into gold on demand. It was a sign of the increasing economic power of the US. The structure created in Bretton Woods gave Americans the appalling monopoly to settle their debt with paper-ticket-token money they had printed. Nobody could have resisted such temptation. When this structure collapsed on August 15, 1971, we moved to a system of floating exchange rates. That fully opened the floodgates for creation of money, credit, deficit spending and speculation. Today's international order is a consequence In a speech on August 7, 2002, President George W. Bush said the following: "There is no telling how many wars it will take to secure freedom in the homeland." With this comment Mr. Bush announced that there might not only be a war against Iraq, but many wars around the globe. He did not define when a war would be considered won or lost. This means that these wars may continue indefinitely. The consequences of these wars are very clear. Trade and investment activities will suffer great damage in such an environment of insecurity. I will now take a closer look at the question of how the US will be able to pay for these wars. In principle, the US is bankrupt. It has been like that since August 15, 1971. That was the day America escalated its war against gold. Not unlike a banana republic, the US defaulted on its sovereign obligation to redeem dollars for gold as agreed upon in the Bretton Woods system. Theoretically, the US cannot be warring at all, i.e., under the strict discipline of the gold standard it would not be possible. Because of the nation's deficit, there would not be any money left to spend on an unproductive and destructive war. The US's foreign debt is enormous. Until the early 1980s, the US was a creditor nation. Now it is a debtor nation, including a catastrophic balance of trade, which is running up an annual deficit of $450 billion. And still the US is conducting wars, which it is paying for with paper-ticket-token money, which basically is the equivalent of counterfeit. The Americans are creating this funny money themselves - and everybody has accepted it since 1971. Ever since then, and for the first time in history, the world has been living on a system of irredeemable paper-ticket-token money. So we may note that if the world were on a gold standard, the US could not be conducting any wars. Why? Because then they would have to pay for them in gold. Gold, therefore, acts as a braking mechanism. Putting on the brakes has a disciplining effect. Who, then, actually pays for these wars? The answer is simple. We all do, out of our savings and our promises of future payment, e.g., our pensions! It was no different for Kennedy's and Johnson's Vietnam War. We were all footing the bill by eventual world inflation leading to rapid devaluation of our currencies. The 20th century Contrary to the 19th century, the 20th century was a century of inflation, hyperinflation, trade and currency wars, waves of speculation, military conflicts, two world wars, hundreds if not thousands of local wars, hundreds of millions dead, annihilation of entire nations, mass migrations, economic ruin, and, finally, the decline of civilization. Why are there wars? Without a doubt, economic reasons weigh in as the most ponderous in any string of motivations for international conflict that ultimately lead to war. They range from primeval struggles for hunting territories, pastures, salt mines and fertile valleys, to predatory attacks and conquests of the seafaring and trading nations, all the way to modern battles for living space, sales territories and, the most important motivation of all, access to natural resources. Internal political problems also play a major part. Often wars are started to divert attention from problems on the home front. In the Middle East, both aspects are involved: the control over oil resources and the distraction from the disastrous condition of the US financial system. Saddam Hussein is only a pretext. These wars continue to contribute to the destruction of currencies' purchasing power. While a gold coin from the times of Alexander the Great or Julius Caesar still shines as it did then, it is the fate of the purchasing power of paper-ticket-token currencies to revert to their cost of production, and that is nil. The Germans can tell the US a thing or two about that. A total loss after World War I, another total loss after World War II, and finally admission to the European currency system, the Euro. All that happened within less than one hundred years. Gold-as-money is a precondition for freedom Not only is there a correlation between gold currencies and war, but also between gold currencies and freedom. US Federal Reserve Board of Governors Chairman Alan Greenspan wrote a well-known essay "Gold and Economic Freedom" in 1966 attesting to this. He recently confirmed that he believes this essay is applicable today. Once we remember that one of the first official acts transacted by Lenin, Mussolini and Hitler (and, by the way, also by Franklin D. Roosevelt) was to forbid possession of gold, we recognize the context. Even today the price of gold is manipulated and kept artificially low. Wall Street bankers and their helpers have been at it for quite some time. In the US a lawsuit was filed. I cannot say more about this at the moment, but it should serve as an impulse to reflect on the present situation. These manipulations are described in my recently published book The Gold Wars: The Battle Against Sound Money As Seen From A Swiss Perspective. All we have today is paper-ticket-token money. It is equivalent to counterfeit money. It does not offer a citizen any security. He cannot save enough money. If he does save, most of it is lost. The situation is worst for recipients of wages and pensioners. In the end he is forced into the arms of the (welfare) government, and he effectively loses his freedom. Politicians will mostly resist the reinstallation of gold-as-money. Röpke was right when he wrote in his book Internationale Ordnung - heute (International Order and Economic Integration): “Depoliticizing money was never as vital as in the era of modern democracy.” Conclusion Today, when "Humanity is at a Crossroad," as the topic of the conference characterizes the worldwide political situation, we want to address academic faculties. We want to know what they can contribute to finding a way out of this and to prevent an unimaginable escalation of suffering. As a banker, I implore you to put the gold standard back on the agenda. The people understand it intuitively. The gold standard would be my guild's aid to bridle the power frenzy of the mighty. Paper-ticket-token or funny money is like a drug addiction. It takes more and more of the drug to satisfy the addiction. Collapse is the final result. There is no indication today that this experiment with the equivalent of counterfeit money will end any better than earlier, similar experiments. Due to the U.S.’s economic power, paper-ticket-token money has already lasted longer than one might expect. Allow me to conclude with a quotation from a speech given in Washington D.C. in 1948 by Congressman Howard Buffett from Nebraska, father of the most successful investor of all times, Warren Buffett. The address was entitled “Human Freedom Rests on Gold Redeemable Money”:
Ladies and Gentlemen, these are the subtle relationships between freedom, money, intellect, war, peace and gold. Ferdinand Lips (1931-2006) is the author of The Gold Wars: The Battle Against Sound Money As Seen From A Swiss Perspective. | | | ||||||||||||
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